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The ''dottorato di ricerca'' (research doctorate) is the highest Italian academic degree, the equivalent of a Ph.D. The ''dottorato'' is a relatively recent addition to the Italian academic landscape, having been instituted in 1980. According to the Bologna Process, Italy fits the framework since the adoption, in 1999, of the so-called ''3+2 system''. The first degree is the ''Laurea'' that can be achieved after three years of studies. Selected students can then complete their studies in the following step: two additional years of ''specialization'' which leads to the ''Laurea Magistrale''. The "Laurea" corresponds to a Bachelor's Degree while the "Laurea Magistrale" corresponds to a Master's Degree. Only the Laurea Magistrale grants access to third cycle programmes (Post-MA degrees, Doctorates or Specializing schools), that last 2 to 5 years (usually completing a PhD takes 3 years). However, it is now established that there is just a unique five-year degree "Laurea Magistrale a ciclo unico" (''Single cycle master's degree'') for programmes such as Law (Facoltà di Giurisprudenza), Arts (Accademia di Belle Arti) and Music (Conservatorio di Musica). The title for MA/MSc/MFA/MD/MJur/MEd graduate students is ''dottore'' (abbreviation in ''dott.''/''dott.ssa'' or ''dr.'',〔:it:Dottore#Abbreviazione〕 meaning Doctor). This title is not to be confused with the PhD and Post-MA graduates, whose title is ''Dottore di Ricerca'' (''Research Doctor'' or ''Philosophy Doctor''). The Italian Master's Degree should not be confused with Italian "Masters" that are one-year specialistic courses which guarantee a more practical education but do not give access to further levels of studies (they can be considered similar to Postagraduate diplomas). The term ''dottore'' is frequently used in Italy to refer to any person with a university ''Laurea'': thus, a person with a ''laurea magistrale'' uses the title "dottore magistrale" and a person with a ''laurea'' uses the title of "dottore". Those unfamiliar with the Italian university system or the Italian use of titles should note that a "''dottore''" or "''dottoressa''" in an Italian context does not necessarily hold a Ph.D. Holders of the ''dottorato'' acquire the title of ''dottore di ricerca'' ("doctor of research") also abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "Ph.D.". ==Superior Graduate Schools in Italy== The first institution in Italy to create a doctoral program (PhD) was Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in 1927 under the historic name ''"Diploma di Perfezionamento"''.〔(Student Guidebook - Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa )〕〔(STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308) )〕 Further, the research doctorates or PhD (Italian: ''Dottorato di ricerca'') in Italy were introduced with law and Presidential Decree in 1980 ((Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 ) and the Presidential Decree (No. 382 of 11 July 1980 )), referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.〔(Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 )〕〔(Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382 )〕 Hence, the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy (Grandes écoles)〔(Ricerca Italiana - Scuole di Eccellenza )〕 (Italian: ''Scuola Superiore Universitaria''),〔("Italy's big six form network for elite" in Times Higher Education (THE) by Paul Bompard, 18 February 2000 )〕 also called ''Schools of Excellence'' (Italian: ''Scuole di Eccellenza'')〔〔(Scuole di Eccellenza )〕 such as Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies still keep their reputed historical ''"Diploma di Perfezionamento"'' PhD title by law〔〔(Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa )〕 and MIUR (Decree ).〔(Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Decree )〕〔(Università in Italia, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) )〕 The Superior Graduate Schools in Italy or ''Scuola superiore universitaria'' have “Diplomi di Perfezionamento “, which are equivalent to “Dottorati di Ricerca” (PhD).:〔()〕〔()〕〔()〕 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa - Legge n. 308/1986 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento “SANT’ANNA”, Pisa - Legge N. 41/1987 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Alta Scuola Europea di Scienze Religiose Fondazione per le Scienze Religiose Giovanni XXIII, Bologna -D.M. Murst 19.10.1999 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Internazionale di Alti Studi della Cultura Fondazione collegio s. Carlo, Modena - D.M. Murst 4.5.1998 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Societa’ Internazionale per lo studio del Medioevo Latino, Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, Firenze - D.M. 3.4.2001 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Firenze - D.M. 9.10.2001 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA). Trieste - D.M. Murst 24.2.1993 * Diploma di Doctor Philosophiae (PhD): European University Institute (Istituto Universitario Europeo), Fiesole/Firenze - Legge N. 352/1986 * Diplomi di Perfezionamento: Istituto di scienze farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano - D.M. MIUR 11.11.2008 * Dottorato in Studi Storici: Università degli Studi S. Marino - D.M. Murst 11.6.1990 and scambio Note 16.7.1999 in vigore dal 28.11.2000 * Dottorato in Ingegneria Gestionale: Università degli Studi 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dottorato di ricerca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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